Disclosure Information

In accordance with the ACCME Accreditation Criteria, the American College of Surgeons must ensure that anyone in a position to control the content of the educational activity (planners and speakers/authors/discussants/moderators) has disclosed all relevant financial relationships with any commercial interest (see below for definitions).

Commercial Interest

The ACCME defines a “commercial interest” as any entity producing, marketing, re-selling, or distributing health care goods or services used on or consumed by patients. Providers of clinical services directly to patients are NOT included in this definition.

Financial Relationships

Relationships in which the individual benefits by receiving a salary, royalty, intellectual property rights, consulting fee, honoraria, ownership interest (e.g., stocks, stock options or other ownership interest, excluding diversified mutual funds), or other financial benefit. Financial benefits are usually associated with roles such as employment, management position, independent contractor (including contracted research), consulting, speaking and teaching, membership on advisory committees or review panels, board membership, and other activities from which remuneration is received, or expected. ACCME considers relationships of the person involved in the CME activity to include financial relationships of a spouse or partner.

Conflict of Interest

Circumstances create a conflict of interest when an individual has an opportunity to affect CME content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.

The ACCME also requires that ACS manage any reported conflict and eliminate the potential for bias during the educational activity. Any conflicts noted below have been managed to our satisfaction. The disclosure information is intended to identify any commercial relationships and allow learners to form their own judgments. However, if you perceive a bias during the educational activity, please report it on the evaluation

Editors and Contributors

Editors

• Alberto R. Ferreres, MD, PhD, MPH, JD, FACS(Hon) - nothing to disclose
• Peter Angelos, MD, PhD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Eric A. Singer, MD, MA, FACS - nothing to disclose

Associate Editor

• Patrice Gabler Blair, MPH - nothing to disclose

Contributing Authors

• Peter Angelos, MD, PhD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Karen J. Brasel, MD, MPH, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Sharmila Dissanaike, MD, MBBS, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Denise M. Dudzinski, PhD, MTS - nothing to disclose
• Marleen Eijkholt, PhD, LLB/LLM - nothing to disclose
• Alberto R. Ferreres, MD, PhD, MPH, JD, FACS(Hon) - nothing to disclose
• Henri R. Ford, MD, MHA, FACS, FRCS, FAAP - nothing to disclose
• Scott B. Grant, MD, MBE - nothing to disclose
• David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Catherine J. Hunter, MD, FACS, FAAP - nothing to disclose
• Thomas M. Krummel, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Alexander J. Langerman, MD, SM, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Grace S. Lee, MD, MSME - nothing to disclose
• Parth K. Modi, MD - nothing to disclose
• Samantha A. Moore, MD, PhD - nothing to disclose
• Jukes P. Namm, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Stephen F. O’Neill, LICSW, BCD, JD - nothing to disclose
• Carlos A. Pellegrini, MD, FACS, FRCSI(Hon.), FRCSEng(Hon), FRCSEd(Hon) - nothing to disclose
• Richard B. Reiling, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Ajit K. Sachdeva, MD, FACS, FRCSC, FSACME - nothing to disclose
• Baddr A. Shakhsheer, MD - nothing to disclose
• Mark Siegler, MD, MACP - nothing to disclose
• Eric A. Singer, MD, MA, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Puneet Singh, MD - nothing to disclose
• Michael J. Solomon, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Lance K. Stell, MA, PhD, FACFE - nothing to disclose
• Malini D. Sur, MD - nothing to disclose
• Alexander H. Toledo, MD - nothing to disclose
• Anji E. Wall, MD, PhD - nothing to disclose
• Mark C. Weissler, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Richard I. Whyte, MD, MBA, FACS - nothing to disclose

Editorial/Planning Committee

• Henri R. Ford, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Peter Angelos, MD, PhD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Karen J. Brasel, MD, MPH, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Alberto Raul Ferreres, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Wayne A. I. Frederick, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Scott B. Grant, MD, MBE - nothing to disclose
• Enrique Hernandez, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Fabrizio Michelassi, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Raymond Morgan, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Russell J. Nauta, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Richard B. Reiling, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• J. David Richardson, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Gretchen M. Schwarze, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Mark Siegler, MD, MACP - nothing to disclose
• Eric A. Singer, MD, MA, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Richard I. Whyte, MD, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Mark C. Weissler, MD, FACS- nothing to disclose
• Sharmila Dissanaike, MBBS, FACS - nothing to disclose
• Ajit K. Sachdeva, MD, FACS, FRCSC - nothing to disclose
• Patrice Gabler Blair, MPH - nothing to disclose
• Maggie Morier - nothing to disclose